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Skylab's Astronomy and Space Sciences

Skylab's Astronomy and Space Sciences is edited by Charles A. Lundquist.
Editor's Note

The astronomy and space science of Skylab are primarily the product of the principal investigators, the instruments they built, and the results they derived. Their willing cooperation with the editorial participants in this volume was essential to its completion.
In an enterprise like Skylab, the analysis and interpretation of scientific data are typically the activities that continue beyond all others. In most cases, the investigators can begin a serious attack on the data only after the flight operations have ended and the tapes, film, and specimens have reached a home laboratory. The results of the Skylab astronomy and space science investigations reach the scientific community in diverse ways: through papers presented at summary conferences on Skylab findings (e.g., those sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the American Geophysical Union jointly, and sponsored by the American Astronautical Society); through specific symposia such as that held in 1974 on Comet Kohoutek; and, most importantly, through refereed papers in various scientific journals. This normal course of prolonged analysis and publication influenced the preparation of this volume. Efforts were made to incorporate new material as it became available, but this was accomplished incompletely at best.
The preparation of this volume was guided by an editorial board composed of the following members: Karl G. Henize and Robert A. Parker of the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; Curtis Hemenway of the Dudley Observatory; Jerry L. Weinberg of State University of New York at Albany; and Robert J. Naumann, Martin O. Burrell, William C. Snoddy, and Robert E. Lake of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Jack Waite of the Marshall Center served as the Managing Editor. In the course of coordinating the set of Skylab volumes, Rein Ise also provided valuable advice and comments for this particular volume.
The material for the text was assembled by John W. Kierein, Richard J. Barry, John G. Meeker, and Jorgen Jensen. The manuscript draft was further edited by John C. Goodrum, Mitchell R. Sharpe, and Harry R. Melson, who also helped in preparing the illustrations. Final revisions of the manuscript draft were made by Annette Tingle, by Bob Richards and Ausra Richards, and by Karen Simon.
As editor of Astronomy and Space Sciences, I extend my thanks to all who helped. The preparation of this volume was appropriately a collective effort, as was Skylab itself.
by Charles A. Lundquist.
Following are the topics covered in the Astronomy and Space Science Book
  • Introduction to Skylab.
  • Stellar and Galactic Astronomy.
  • Interplanetary Dust.
  • Observations of Comet Kohoutek.
  • Energetic Particles.
  • The Earth's Atmosphere.
  • Orbital Environment.
  • Skylab's Astronomy and Space Sciences Experiments.
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  1. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution Volume I
  2. The Original Astronomical Observations Made in the Course of a Voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean
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Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution Volume I

This is Volume 1 of the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution. The book is the result of research originally due to the discovery, made in 1881 with the newly invented bolometer, of solar heat in spectral region now known as the lower infra-red spectrum. Presented in the book are tables and charts of the infra-red solar spectrum extending to 5.3 microns and mapping nearly 750 lines, of which most are below 1.1 microns and are nearly all new.
Preface
This book is the result of a research originally due to a discovery, made in the year 1881 with the then newly invented bolometer, in the clear air of an altitude of over 12,000 feet, of solar heat in a then unknown spectral region now called the "lower infra-red spectrum". The bolometer has since been used to explore and to map the region in question, through the long succeeding interval, in the latter part of which it has reached an accuracy and a sensitiveness greater than i could once have hoped for.
This map is now (June 18, 1900), after years of constant work, finally published in the present form; not because this edition is final, but because the long labor must come to some term, and because i desire to see its results published while i may hope to see them made useful.
In my early work i was led to notice not only the change of the infra red absorption spectrum at different hours of the day, but at different seasons of the year, without my observations in the last respect having attained a precision which seemed to justify me in publishing them. Of late, improvements on the early methods seem to be at last bringing more conclusive evidence that there are distinguishable effects in the different seasons of the year upon the absorption of the solar heat by the earth's atmosphere, or perhaps it might be said, evidence that the absorption of the earth's atmosphere is directly associated with the seasonal changes of spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
While we are far from looking forward to foretelling by such means the remoter changes of weather which affect the harvests, or to results of such importance as the power of such a prevision would indicate, still it is hardly too much to say that we appear to begin to move in that direction, and it seems to me that my own early hopes of making the study of the solar energy not simply an interesting scientific pursuit, but one of material usefulness, may one day be justified.. by S. P Langley

The following are the topics covered in this astronomy book.
  • The absorption lines in the infra-red spectrum of the sun
  • Historical account of contributory researches
  • Account of the progress of the investigations at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
  • Description of the observatory buildings and the apparatus employed in the research -- adjustments of apparatus
  • Methods of procedure in preparing and comparing bolographs
  • Limitations of the research-sources of error now existing
  • The absorption lines in the infra-red solar spectrum; results of bolographic spectrum analysis in 1897-98
  • The variations of absorption in the infra-red solar spectrum
  • The dispersion of rock salt and fluorite
  • Miscellaneous observations such as The accuracy of the bolometer and Radiation from terrestrial sources
  • Construction of a sensitive galvanometer
  • The determination of wave-lengths in the infra-red spectrum of rock salt
  • The constants for rock salt in Ketteler's dispersion formula
  • The minute structure of the absorption band omega
You can read or download this astronomy book, Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution Volume I from the following link.
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Related Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Science Articles and Ebooks
  1. Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, Volume VIII
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Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College, Volume VIII

This is Volume VIII of the Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College. Part I of the Annals contains a historical account of the observatory from October, 1855 to October, 1876. Included are biographical notes on some of the astronomers whose work is detailed, as well as information on the observatory buildings, instruments, and research. Part II of the Annals contains astronomical engravings of the Moon, Planets, and Solar Phenomena.
Following are the astrological topics covered in this book.
  1. PLAN OF THE WORK
  2. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
  3. William Cranch Bond
  4. George Phillips Bond
  5. Joseph Winlock
  6. W.C. Bond, Jr
  7. Richard F. Bond
  8. Philip Sidney Coolidge
  9. PROPERTY OF THE OBSERVATORY.
  10. Original endowment
  11. Phillips Fund
  12. Quincy Fund
  13. Sears Fund
  14. Sturgis Fund
  15. Hayward Fund
  16. Savage Fund
  17. Occasional donations
  18. Fund for Meridian Circle
  19. Income from sale of clock-signals
  20. Grounds of the Observatory
  21. Improvements in the grounds
  22. Land in West Medford
  23. Buildings of the Observatory
  24. Improvements in 1866 and later
  25. Prime Vertical Room
  26. East Transit Room
  27. West Transit Room
  28. West Dome
  29. Detached buildings
  30. Clocks
  31. Chronometers
  32. Chronographs
  33. Apparatus for determining personal equation
  34. Apparatus for shifting electric connections
  35. Apparatus for transmitting clock-signals
  36. Meridian Circle
  37. East Transit Circle
  38. Portable Transit Instrument
  39. East Equatorial
  40. Finder of the Equatorial
  41. Apparatus for finding faint objects
  42. Machinery of Dome
  43. West Equatorial
  44. Small telescopes
  45. Spectroscopes
  46. Inductive Coil
  47. Photographic lenses, and apparatus connected with them
  48. Inventions of Professor Winlock for photographing the sun
  49. Micrometers
  50. Photometer
  51. Occultator
  52. Meteorological apparatus
  53. Wind register
  54. Magnetic apparatus
  55. Phillips Library
  56. WORK OF THE OBSERVATORY.
  57. Work done between 1855 and 1866
  58. Work done in 1866 and later
  59. Observations of double stars
  60. Spectroscopic observations
  61. Observations of the aurora
  62. Miscellaneous equatorial observations
  63. Investigation of lunar phenomena
  64. Drawings of celestial objects
  65. observations of the sun
  66. Chart of the Trifid Nebula
  67. Work done with the East Transit Circle
  68. Work done with the Meridian Circle
  69. Observations for determining longitudes
  70. Magnetic and meteorological observations
  71. Observations of meteoric showers
  72. Work done with the Quincy Photometer
  73. Expeditions made by Professor Winlock
  74. His spectroscopic and photographic observations of total eclipses
  75. General account of the part taken by the Observatory in expeditions to observe eclipses
  76. Account of some engravings copied from photographs of eclipses
  77. Photographs of partial phases of eclipses
  78. Ordinary photographs of the sun
  79. Experiments in viewing the whole border of the sun
  80. Establishment of the system of clock-signals
You can download or read this astronomy ebook for knowing various Astronomical observations of Harvard College about moon, stars and solar phenomena.
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The Original Astronomical Observations Made in the Course of a Voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean

The Original Astronomical Observations Made in the Course of a Voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean (from the Cook expeditions of 1776-1780) is written by William Bayly, James Cook, and James King. This astronomical book contains varioius astronomical observations made at different places on shores.
Following are the astronomical topics covered in this book. This astronomy book is intended for astronomers, and students doing research in the space science and astrology.
  • Astronomical Observations on Drake's Island in Plymouth Sound
  • Comparison of the clocks and watches while among the society Islands
  • Observations at King George's Sound, by Capt. Cooke, and Lieut. King
  • Lieut. King's remarks concerning the watch N' 1
  • Lunar Observations made at Kamtschatka by Lieut. King and officers
  • Observations for the latitude of the ship, and her longitude by the watch N' 1
  • Lunar Observations made by Capt. Cooke and officers of the resolution
  • Azimuths, by Capt. Cooke and officers
  • Dips of the magnetic Needle, by Capt. Cooke and Lieut. King
  • Observations for determining the latitude of the ship, and her longitude, by the watch N' 2
  • Lunar Observations made by W.Bayly
  • Azimuths by W. Bayly
  • Dips of the magnetic Needle by W. Bayly
  • Meteorological Observations by W. Bayly
  • Observations for determining the saltiness of Sea water
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Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions Articles and Ebooks

Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions is an Open Access Journal of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Extraterrestrische Forschung e.V.
Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions (ASTRA) is an international scientific journal dedicated to the publication and public discussion of high quality original research on all fields of Astrophysics and Space Sciences and related technology.
ASTRA covers the following fields:
  • Astrophysics;
  • Cosmic Rays and Gamma Astronomy;
  • Interstellar Matter;
  • Heliospheric Physics;
  • Solar and Stellar Physics;
  • Planets, Comets, Asteroids and Dust;
  • Extrasolar Planets;
  • Magnetospheric Physics;
  • Scientific Instrumentation;
  • Solar/Interstellar Terrestrial Relations.
You can download or read Astrophysics and Astronomy articles or free astronomy ebooks from the following links.
  1. A Simple Model for Reflection-Driven Spectral Evolution of Turbulence in the Corona and Inner Heliosphere By T. Laitinen
  2. Interpretation of Pioneer 10 heliospheric Ly α glow data obtained beyond 30 AU By D. L. Judge, V. V. Izmodenov, M. Gruntman, and P. Gangopadhyay
  3. A heliospheric hybrid model: hydrodynamic plasma flow and kinetic cosmic ray transport By K. Scherer and S. E. S. Ferreira
  4. Energetic neutral atom fluxes from the heliosheath varying with the activity phase of the solar cycle By H.-J. Fahr and K. Scherer
  5. Just another new journal? By K. Scherer and D. Breitschwerdt
  6. The Sun's journey through the local interstellar medium: the paleoLISM and paleoheliosphere By P. C. Frisch and J. D. Slavin
  7. Are heliospheric flows magnetic line- or flux-conserving? By D. H. Nickeler and M. Karlický
  8. Imprints of a heliospheric bowshock on interstellar oxygen populations By M. Bzowski, H.-S. Fahr, and S. Grzedzielski
  9. MHD modeling of the Heliosphere: a critical evaluation of different models By R. Ratkiewicz
  10. Heating of the solar wind in the outer heliosphere By S. V. Chalov, D. B. Alexashov, and H.-J. Fahr
  11. The TWINS-LAD mission: Observations of terrestrial Lyman-α fluxes By H. U. Nass, J. H. Zoennchen, G. Lay, and H. J. Fahr
  12. The Science with the Interstellar Heliopause Probe By H. Fichtner, B. Heber, and M. Leipold
  13. The problem with the non-idealness of the MHD heliosheath By V. B. Baranov and H.-J. Fahr
  14. Predicting the future from observable sequences of events in astrophysics I. Maximum Likelihood Estimation for a fixed number of parameters By C. Röken and I. Lerche
  15. Necessary conditions for the generation of acoustic solitons in magnetospheric and space plasmas with hot ions By F. Verheest, M. A. Hellberg, and G. S. Lakhina
  16. Anisotropic unstable ion distribution functions downstream of the solar wind termination shock By H.-J. Fahr and M. Siewert
  17. MHD simulation of electric currents in the solar atmosphere caused by photospheric plasma motion By J. C. Santos and J. Büchner
  18. Correct normalization of the Dst index By K. Mursula, L. Holappa, and A. Karinen
  19. Theoretical investigation of cosmic ray processing of solar system ices By A. G. Yeghikyan
  20. Self-initialised Fermi-1 acceleration by pitch-angle re-scattering of solar wind ions reflected from the parallel termination shock By D. Verscharen and H.-J. Fahr
  21. Forbush decrease of the galactic cosmic ray intensity: experimental study and theoretical modeling By M. V. Alania and A. Wawrzynczak
  22. Solar modulation during the Holocene By F. Steinhilber, J. A. Abreu, and J. Beer
  23. On the validity of ideal MHD in the vicinity of stagnation points in the heliosphere and other astrospheres By D. H. Nickeler and M. Karlický
  24. Helioseismology By M. P. Di Mauro
  25. The Heliospheric Magnetic Field over the Hale Cycle By N. A. Schwadron, M. Owens, and N. U. Crooker
  26. Observations of anomalous transport of energetic electrons in the heliosphere By S. Perri and G. Zimbardo
  27. 27-day variations of the galactic cosmic ray intensity and anisotropy By M. V. Alania, A. Gil, and R. Modzelewska
  28. Magnetic turbulence in and around the Earth's magnetosphere By G. Zimbardo, A. Greco, P. Veltri, Z. Voros, and A. L. By Taktakishvili
  29. "Future perspectives of heliospheric research"By Eds. H.-J. Fahr
  30. Other ASTRA Volumes and Issues